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Sensitivity is a statistical measure that evaluates the proportion of true positives to all positive values. It indicates the ability of a test to correctly identify individuals with a specific condition or characteristic. Sensitivity is often expressed as a percentage, with higher values indicating better test performance. Calculating sensitivity is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness […]
A hazard ratio (HR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome in a cohort study. It is the ratio of the incidence rate of the outcome in the exposed group to the incidence rate of the outcome in the unexposed group. HRs are used to quantify the strength of an association […]
Relative risk is a measure of the association between an exposure and an outcome. It is calculated by dividing the incidence of the outcome in the exposed group by the incidence of the outcome in the unexposed group. For example, if the incidence of a disease is 10% in the exposed group and 5% in […]
The odds ratio is a measure of the association between two binary variables. It is calculated by dividing the odds of an event occurring in one group by the odds of it occurring in another group. Odds ratios are often used in epidemiology and other fields to assess the risk of a particular outcome. For […]
A t-score is a statistical measure that represents the number of standard deviations a data point is away from the mean. It is calculated by subtracting the mean from the data point and then dividing the result by the standard deviation. T-scores are often used to compare data points to each other or to a […]
Chi-square is a statistical test used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies of a set of data. It is a non-parametric test, meaning that it does not make any assumptions about the distribution of the data. Chi-square is often used to test for independence, homogeneity, […]
Sample size calculation determines the number of observations or individuals to be included in a statistical study or survey to ensure that the results are reliable and representative of the population being studied. It helps researchers obtain meaningful data and make accurate inferences from the sample to the larger population. Calculating the appropriate sample size […]
A confidence interval is a range of values that is likely to contain the true value of a population parameter. It is calculated using a formula that takes into account the sample size, the sample mean, and the standard deviation of the sample. The width of the confidence interval is determined by the level of […]
A p-value is a measure of the strength of evidence against a null hypothesis. It is calculated by comparing the observed data to the data that would be expected under the null hypothesis. A small p-value means that the observed data is very unlikely to have occurred under the null hypothesis, and thus provides strong […]
The correlation coefficient is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are linearly related. It is calculated by dividing the covariance of the two variables by the product of their standard deviations. The correlation coefficient can range from -1 to 1, with a value of 0 indicating no correlation, a value […]